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Literacy, centralized political manage, an elaborate religious system, a metal technologies and a developed style in art and monumental architecture had been firmly established in Egypt by 2700 B.C. However, it was just at this time that contact with other components of Africa became a lot more complicated. And whilst its retreating population introduced agri­culture and domesticated animals into western and central Africa, the desert routes to Egypt became additional complicated to traverse. Even the chief remaining corridor for human movement, the Nile valley, was to a significant extent blocked in the south by a vast swamp, the Sudd. It...